From 2028, ETS2 will cover heating and transport fuel

The ETS2 system, trading in CO2 emission allowances, will extend to fuel for heating buildings and road transport. One allowance corresponds to one tonne of CO2.

The obligation to buy allowances rests with fuel suppliers. The costs may show up in the price of gas for a boiler and at the petrol pump.

According to the Central Register of Building Emissions (CEEB) as of 8 October 2026, 1,211,444 single-family houses are heated only by a gas boiler. That is 19.2% of buildings in this summary.

The final amount depends on fuel volume, the condition of the house, allowance prices and the euro exchange rate. The Warszawa W Pigułce editorial team calculated costs for different consumption levels and three illustrative allowance prices: for one family the additional burden could be several hundred zloty a year, for another several thousand.